Deciding submonoid membership for HNN extensions of free groups
HNN extensions can be used as a way to produce a more complicated group from a simpler one, they do this by "folding" a part of the simpler group onto itself. These can, but do not necessarily, produce wild algorithmic properties. For instance, it is known that the submonoid membership problem for HNN extensions of free groups is undecidable in general. This raises the question of which HNN extensions of free groups do have decidable submonoid membership problem.